Language Divergence between English and Hindi

Comparing two languages is interesting, especially for an application for machine translation. Languages exhibit so many differences, it mind-boggling to realize that we navigate between languages with ease. This paper, 'Interlingua-based English–Hindi Machine Translation and Language Divergence', summarizes the major differences between Hindi and English.

I have tried to tabulate the observations in the paper below, to make a handy reference:

Factor	English	Hindi
Word Order	Subject-Verb-Object	Subject-Object-Verb
	Ram ate the mango	राम ने आम खाया
Modifiers	Post modifier	Premodifier
	The Prime Minister of India	भारत का प्रधान मंत्री
	play well	अच्छे से खेलेंगे
X-positions	Prepositions	Postpositions
	of India	भारत का
	Overloading
	John ate rice with curd
	John ate rice with a spoon
Compound Verbs	not prevelant	very common
Conjunct Verbs	not prevelant	very common
		वह गाने लगे
		रुक जाओ
Respect	No special words	Words indicating respect
		आप, हम
Person		Uses 2nd person for 3rd person
	He obtained his degree	आपने  अम्रीका से डिग्री प्राप्त की
Gender	Masculine, feminine, neuter	Masculine, feminine
Gender specific possesive pronouns	English has them	Hindi lacks them
	he, she	वह
Morphology	Poor	Rich
Null subject divergence		Subject dropped in certain conditions
	There was a king	एक राजा था
	I am going	जा रहा हूँ
Pleonastic divergence		Pleonastic dropped
	It is raining	बारिश हो रही है
Conflational divergence		no appropriate word
	Brutus stabbed Caesar	ब्रूटस  ने सीसर को छुरे से मारा
Categorical divergence		change in POS category
	They are competing	वे मुकाबला कर रहे है
Head swapping		Head and modifier are exchanged
	The play is on	खेल चल रहा है